Microphones are transducers that convert sound waves into electrical signals for recording, broadcasting, or amplification. They fall into several categories: Dynamic microphones (e.g., Shure SM58) are rugged, handle high sound pressure levels (SPL), and are ideal for live vocals or instrument miking. Condenser microphones (e.g., Neumann U87) require phantom power but offer higher sensitivity and clarity, making them studio staples for vocals and acoustic instruments. Lavalier mics (clip-on) are used in broadcasting or presentations for hands-free operation. Key specifications include polar patterns (directionality like cardioid or omnidirectional), frequency response, and sensitivity (output level per sound pressure). Specialty mics include ribbon mics (vintage warmth) and USB mics (plug-and-play for streaming). Modern advancements integrate noise suppression, AI beamforming (e.g., conference mics), and wireless systems (Bluetooth or RF). Applications span podcasting, ASMR, field recording, and voice assistants, with choices balancing fidelity, environment, and budget.