An operating system (OS) is a software program that serves as an intermediary between computer hardware and the computer user. It provides a user interface and a set of services that enable users to interact with the computer hardware and run applications.
The primary functions of an operating system include:
- Hardware Abstraction: The OS abstracts the underlying hardware complexities, providing a consistent interface for software applications. This abstraction allows software developers to write programs without needing to understand the specifics of the hardware.
- Process Management: The OS manages processes, which are individual tasks or programs running on the computer. It allocates resources, such as CPU time and memory, to processes, and ensures that they run efficiently without interfering with each other.
- Memory Management: The OS is responsible for managing the computer’s memory, allocating space for processes and data. It also handles memory protection to prevent one program from interfering with the memory of another.
- File System Management: Operating systems organize and manage files on storage devices, providing a hierarchical file system for storing, retrieving, and organizing data.
- Device Drivers: OS includes device drivers that enable communication between the computer’s hardware components and the operating system. Device drivers allow the OS to interact with peripherals such as printers, keyboards, and network interfaces.
- User Interface: The OS provides a user interface that allows users to interact with the computer. This can be a command-line interface (text-based), a graphical user interface (GUI), or a combination of both.
- Security: Operating systems implement security features to protect the computer system and user data. This includes user authentication, access control, and encryption.
Popular examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, and Unix for Computers and Android, iOS for Mobile devices. Each type of operating system has its own characteristics, user interface, and strengths, catering to different needs and preferences.