Definition:
A transceiver (a combination of transmitter and receiver) is a device/hardware unit that can both transmit and receive signals in communication systems.

Working Principle:

• Transmission: Converts digital/analog data into a modulated signal suitable for transmission over a medium (wired or wireless).
• Reception: Captures incoming signals, demodulates them, and converts them back into usable data.
• Often includes amplifiers, filters, modulators, and demodulators.

Functions:

• Enables bidirectional communication.
• Ensures signal integrity during transmission and reception.
• Handles encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation.

Use Cases:

• Wireless Communication: Wi-Fi routers, cellular phones, radios.
• Networking: Ethernet transceivers (e.g., SFP modules in fiber optics).
• Satellite Communication: Ground stations and satellite transceivers.

Examples : Wi-Fi cards, Fiber-optic transceivers