A phono preamplifier (or phono stage) is a specialized audio component that amplifies and equalizes the low-level signal from a turntable’s cartridge to line-level. Unlike standard preamps, it applies RIAA equalization to reverse the frequency curve applied during vinyl mastering. Key types include: MM (Moving Magnet) preamps for higher-output cartridges (typically 3-5mV) with 47kΩ loading, and MC (Moving Coil) preamps for low-output cartridges (0.1-0.5mV) requiring higher gain (60-70dB vs. 40dB for MM) and often transformer-based impedance matching. High-end models feature adjustable capacitance/loading, tube-based circuitry for harmonic richness, or fully discrete transistor designs. Modern hybrids like the *Pro-Ject Phono Box DS2* include both MM/MC support with subsonic filters. Critical specs are signal-to-noise ratio (>75dB for quiet operation), THD (<0.01% for transparency), and channel separation (>30dB). Some integrated amplifiers and receivers include built-in phono stages, but standalone units (e.g., Schiit Mani 2, Cambridge Audio Alva Duo) typically offer superior sound quality for vinyl enthusiasts.